There is a colloquial Chinese saying that goes, “boil one egg or boil 10 eggs – it takes the same amount of time.” However, when peeling 10 eggs adds a whole different dynamic to the process.
During the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit in September 2024, the Chinese government hosted 51 African nations. While presented as a success story in China’s relations with the continent, each bilateral relationship has been unpacked individually using various levers over time. Viewing China’s relations with individual African states as a unified policy direction is misleading.
When BRICS failed to issue a joint statement in support of UN Security Council reform due to a dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia, tensions between these two major African nations continue to escalate, testing China’s position as Africa’s largest partner.
Ethiopia intends to recognize Somaliland in exchange for sea access, while Egypt supports Somalia, leading to tensions between the two nations. This dispute stemmed from the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile.
China’s engagement in Africa, including funding the dam, raises questions about its “win-win” approach. Despite challenges, China has managed relationships with Ethiopia and Eritrea successfully.
China’s strong ties with African nations have evolved over the years, driven by trade relations, investment, loans, and cultural exchanges. Its interest in Africa extends beyond historical connections.
China’s pragmatic foreign policy in Africa is evident in its diplomatic presence, military hardware supply, and strategic engagements. The construction of Chinese military bases in Djibouti and potential bases in Equatorial Guinea reflect China’s strategic interests in the region.
China faces competition from the US in Africa, particularly in strategic railway corridors. However, China remains Africa’s top trade partner, though trade imbalances exist.
Chinese engagement in Africa is pragmatic and interest-seeking, with a focus on natural resources. While criticized, Chinese dealings with African states are reflective of common interstate dealings.
Chinese energy firms have impacted regional dynamics in oil-producing regions, leading to environmental and economic concerns. Trade imbalances and debt have affected public opinion of China in some African countries.
As China grapples with economic challenges, its engagement in Africa is becoming more decentralized. Balancing its own interests with those of African nations and communities is crucial for success.